February 27, 2026

“The Factory in a Garden”: George Cadbury and the Garden Ethos in Today’s Urban Crisis

Introduction: An Industrialist Ahead of His Time In 1893, George Cadbury relocated his chocolate factory from central Birmingham to a semi-rural site that would become Bournville. His vision was radical for its time: a “factory in a garden” — where industrial production coexisted with green space, decent housing, recreation grounds and social amenities. Cadbury’s experiment […]

June 25, 2025

Clarence Perry’s Neighbourhood Concept and Its Relevance to the 15-Minute City Concept

Introduction The evolution of urban planning has consistently been marked by innovative concepts aimed at enhancing livability and sustainability in urban environments. Clarence Perry’s neighborhood unit concept, formulated in the early 20th century, has been a foundational influence in planning, advocating for self-contained neighborhoods designed to meet the needs of modern living. In recent years, […]

October 5, 2024

Innovative Modular Housing: A Solution to the Global Urban Housing Crisis

As cities worldwide grapple with rapid urbanization, the demand for affordable housing has reached a critical point. Sustainable modular housing is emerging as a potential solution, offering an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and scalable approach to address housing shortages in urban areas (Housing Europe, 2022). Modular housing involves off-site construction of standardized units, which are quickly assembled […]